Calibration of hydrological time-series models is a challenging task since these models give a wide spectrum of output series and calibration procedures require significant amount of time. From a statistical standpoint, this model parameter estimation problem simplifies to finding an inverse solution of a computer model that generates pre-specified time-series output (i.e., realistic output series). In this paper, we propose a modified history matching approach for calibrating the time-series rainfall-runoff models with respect to the real data collected from the state of Georgia, USA. We present the methodology and illustrate the application of the algorithm by carrying a simulation study and the two case studies. Several goodness-of-fit statistics were calculated to assess the model performance. The results showed that the proposed history matching algorithm led to a significant improvement, of 30% and 14% (in terms of root mean squared error) and 26% and 118% (in terms of peak percent threshold statistics), for the two case-studies with Matlab-Simulink and SWAT models, respectively. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

The aim of this study is to identify an intention towards work after retirement. This article examines the multilevel sequential mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment in the relationship between passion for work and intention towards work. This study has used 310 respondents retired from government jobs and data are collected through a well-administered questionnaire. Smart partial least square-structural equation modelling (SmartPLS-SEM) was used to analyse data. Path analysis of the structural model revealed that passion for work has a significant relationship with job satisfaction, affective commitment and intention towards work. The findings of the analysis show that the multilevel mediator model is significant (? = 0.08, p < 0.05) at the 5 per cent level of significance. This study supports the satisfaction-commitment model and creates intention towards work after retirement. This research is unique in the sense that it relates passion for work and satisfaction-commitment model with the work intentions of the retired persons. © 2019 Management Development Institute.

Purpose: Research in entrepreneurial cognition has called for a better understanding of interactions between contextual variables and cognitive processes. Based on previous work done on organizational learning and social networks, the purpose of this paper is to propose a formal model in which information acquisition, distribution and interpretation are tested as a function of cognition-based trust, perceived expertise and tie strength between organizational members in two different corporate entrepreneurship (CE) types. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conduct a quantitative analysis based on network data in two companies located in India. Special procedures known as quadratic assignment procedure and multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure were used to run the correlations and multiple regressions, respectively. The authors complement this analysis with interviews and qualitative information to build a rich description in each of these cases. Findings: The results indicate moderate support for the model. The evidence suggests that between both types of CE types, domain redefinition requires higher levels of tie strength, trust and perceived expertise. Sustained regeneration shows moderate significant results in tie strength, and cognition-based trust. Originality/value: The authors combined insights on social network and organizational cognitive processes to analyze interactions between context and cognition. The authors were also able to compare two different companies. The authors found consistent results regarding tie strength, but the authors also found differences between both companies, which suggest that different CE types tend to require different dynamics between context and cognitive processes. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Returns of risky assets and their time-dependent volatility are often jointly modelled by stochastic volatility models (SVMs). Over the last few decades, several SVMs have been proposed to adequately capture the features of the relationship between the return and its volatility. The earliest SVM considers a hierarchical model, with current return as a function of the current latent volatility, which is further modelled as an auto-regressive process. In an attempt to make SVM more appropriate for complex realistic market behaviour, leverage parameter was introduced, which however led to violation of martingale difference property of the risky part of return (a necessary mean-zero condition that prevents arbitrage opportunities under mild regularity conditions). Subsequently, alternative SVMs had been developed and are currently in use. In this article, we propose mean-corrections for several generalizations of SVM with leverage that capture the complex market behaviour as well as satisfy martingale difference property of returns. We also establish a few theoretical results to characterize the key desirable features of these models, and present comparison with other popular competitors. Furthermore, three real-life examples (CITI bank stock price, euro–USD rate and S&P 500 index returns) have been used to demonstrate the performance of this new class of SVMs. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

A new method of pricing, known as pay-what-you-want (PWYW) has been successfully used in many contexts in the recent past. Success stories are in restaurants, museums, music albums, software, etc. The method where the buyer selects the price, possibly a zero price, and the seller accepts it, is a bit counter intuitive. Quite surprisingly, the PWYW pricing method has been used successfully, and some businesses have adopted it for selling their goods. We study the economic rationale behind the success of the PWYW pricing method, and analyse different situations using a simple model. Results show that the PWYW pricing method can be successful when there is a large proportion of fair-minded consumers, and a lesser proportion of free-loaders. Also, though a low marginal cost is beneficial for a PWYW method, it is not necessary. Sellers can choose to use PWYW pricing with reference prices that induce, but not bind, consumers to pay an appropriate price. Also, setting a minimum threshold price alleviates the problem of free-loaders, and the PWYW pricing method can be used profitably in the long run. © 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Despite the vast amount of research on business model innovation, little is known about what decision-makers must consider while innovating access-based business models in the context of frontier markets. To address this research gap, we develop a comprehensive framework for access-based business model innovation in frontier markets. A participative observation approach is adopted to collect the data on the case study of Microlets, a shared mobility service in Timor-Leste, for validating the framework. We successfully demonstrate the application of the proposed framework to show how access-based business model innovations can minimize issues such as accessibility and affordability, and spur economic growth by giving importance to the factors of contextual intelligence. Three different business model innovation options were compared across the differentiating factors surrounding the contextual requirements of the frontier market to validate the relevance of our framework. By examining factors such as the institutional environment, industry dynamics and infrastructural development, the proposed framework will guide decision-makers to cope up with the inherent uncertainty of frontier markets while developing access-based business models. © 2019

While there is much emphasis on authentic green practices, there is rising concern about the common practice of "greenwashing" or unsubstantiated claims about good environmental policies. Consequently, tourism businesses need to provide tangible evidences to create trust in their green claims. This paper, building on a sequential mixed method approach of data collection, proposes a potential green service encounter (GSE) framework by which hotel management can reassure customers and secure long-term patronage. Moderating role to two key contextual variables, travel purpose and environmental values of travelers, is investigated. Practical implications indicate that hotels should offer guests opportunities for enhanced involvement in GSE that help build consumer trust. The trust building process is dependent on a traveler's environmental values but independent of trip purpose. The GSE framework conceptualization included interviews with 25 green hotel guests and a panel of experts while empirical validation involved a sample of over 500 respondents.

Automatic text summarization can be applied to extract summaries from competitor intelligence (CI) corpora that organizations create by gathering textual data from the Internet. Such a representation of CI text is easier for managers to interpret and use for making decisions. This research investigates design of an integrated system for CI analysis which comprises clustering and automatic text summarization and evaluates quality of extractive summaries generated automatically by various text-summarization techniques based on global optimization. This research is conducted using experimentation and empirical analysis of results. A survey of practicing managers is also carried out to understand the effectiveness of automatically generated summaries from CI perspective. Firstly, it shows that global optimization-based techniques generate good quality extractive summaries for CI analysis from topical clusters created by the clustering step of the integrated system. Secondly, it shows the usefulness of the generated summaries by having them evaluated by practicing managers from CI perspective. Finally, the implication of this research from the point of view of theory and practice is discussed. © 2018, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature.

The purpose of this paper is to explicate the idea of egoism in the context of marketing. The idea of egoism is reviewed and contextualized into a framework for interpreting different marketer types. Marketers’ potential trade-offs with consumers and competitors are examined. Four types of marketers are explicated: extremely egoistic marketer, moderately egoistic marketer, moderately altruistic marketer, and extremely altruistic marketer. The framework offered in the paper is of relevance to marketers, media, and agencies rewarding marketing performance. The framework may help in assessing the ethical quotient in marketers’ preferences and behaviors. Studies recognizing the pertinence of egoism in marketing are scarce, and the typological framework discussed in the paper is a contribution to the marketing ethics literature. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

We investigate the extent of short-term flexibility in firms' working capital management decisions. Contrary to the firms' perceived ability to frequently modulate their working capital allocations, we find systematic and persistence differences in working capital allocations across and within industries. Specifically, industries and firms within industries with relatively higher or lower working capital allocations remain so for a sustained period of time, often exceeding 15 years. Contrary to the past literature suggesting that such allocations are driven by firms' concerns over improving inter-temporal cash flows and sales or absorbing shocks to their capital expenditure schedules, we find that firm-specific time-invariant factors rather primarily drive them. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.

The goal of this research is to study jointly physician prescription decisions and patient drug request behaviours. We have adopted a binary logit model and a multinomial logit model to study patient drug request data with excessive zero requests and a multinomial logit model to capture physician prescription decisions. These models are further joined by a flexible non-parametric multivariate distribution for their random effects. We also adopt an analytically consistent expression for interaction effects in our non-linear and joint modelling framework. We apply our model to a unique physician panel data set from the erectile dysfunction category. Our key empirical findings include that the triggering of drug requests by direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) is complex with category level DTCA reducing patients’ probabilities of making drug requests and drug-specific DTCA driving drug requests for the drug advertised, patients’ characteristics may play a role in both the influence of DTCA on drug requests and the influence of patients’ requests on physicians’ prescription decisions, patients’ drug requests have a positive effect on physicians’ prescription decisions and patients can be consistent with physicians in choosing a drug based on their diagnosis levels and some unobserved factors, and there are significant correlations between physician level random effects that drive both patients’ drug requests and physicians’ prescription decisions, which validate the joint modelling approach. © 2018 Royal Statistical Society

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to decipher the possibility of ensuring the effectiveness of sales training by focusing on selected organization-related variables and thereafter aims at making recommendations for enhancing the overall sales training effectiveness. Variables that are under organizations’ control, like training transfer climate, training evaluation and degree of choice (mandatory or by choice) were selected for this study. The study also attempted to understand how these variables influence at pre-training stage and post-training stage. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional research involved both exploratory and conclusive phases. To test the postulated hypotheses, data were collected in two phases from sales executives of a large oil and gas petrochemical company having the presence across India. A total of 370 sales executives, who were the part of a sales training program, were approached twice, one before the training and once after the eight weeks of training. Data from the respondents who completed both pre- and post-training survey (255) were used for analyses. Findings: The results indicate that all the three predictor variables – training awareness, perceived transfer climate and the presence of an appropriate training evaluation mechanism, influence trainees’ motivation to learn. The results depict that motivation to learn mediates the association between the predictor variables and the resultant variable. Also, degree of choice was found to moderate the association between motivation to learn and sales training effectiveness. The research reinforces the significance of pre-training factors in designing sales training programs to ensure its better effectiveness. Research limitations/implications: The present study captures organizational-level variables as they are under the control of the organization and can be managed. The study included both motivation to learn and training effectiveness in the hypothesized model to understand the motivational issues in a holistic perspective. The outcomes of this research strengthen the role of trainees’ motivation to learn as a connecting variable between organizational-level variables and sales training effectiveness. Thus, the outcome of this study contributes to the literature on training motivation as well as training effectiveness. Practical implications: The findings of this study are significant for sales organizations or the organizations offering sales training aiming to enhance overall training effectiveness. Training managers must focus on these factors and ensure that all the pre-training organizational-level variables are very well-taken care of. This implies that the trainees need to be well informed about the training calendar, training policies, training content, expectations from them and how the program will be evaluated after training, along with appropriate positive transfer climate. Organizations should also include proper training evaluation mechanism to measure training at different levels. Originality/value: This study is an attempt to decipher the possibility of ensuring the effectiveness of sales training by focusing on select organization-related variables, and thereafter aims at making recommendations for enhancing the overall sales training effectiveness. The study’s uniqueness lies in simultaneous examination of influence of various variables, and that too at two different points of time (before and after the training). These two perspectives are apparently missing in the existing sales training literature. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

The Indian banking industry has been suffering from a huge number of nonperforming loans, and the loan asset quality has been deteriorated over the years. This has led to significant capital erosion of many banks in India. The surge in corporate defaults leading to an enormous rise in nonperforming loan assets has been impairing the performance of Indian banking industry in particular and economic growth in general. Hence, it is intuitive to ask what are the determinants of poor asset quality of Indian banks. To answer this question, using a sample of 47 commercial banks over a sample period of 2000 to 2014, our study examines the bank-, industry-, and macroeconomic-specific determinants of asset quality of Indian banks. Our empirical analysis also accommodates the impact of different ownership structures (public and private sector) and the impact of financial crisis while analysing the determinants of poor asset quality of Indian commercial banks. Results reveal that bank-, industry-, and macroeconomic-specific factors are responsible for the burgeoning nonperforming loan assets of Indian commercial banks. The results are qualitatively similar across different ownership structures. The findings suggest that forecasting models for nonperforming assets should also consider macroecomomic- and industry-specific factors along with the bank- specific factors. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Banks in India have been gone through structural changes in the last three decades. The prices that bank charge depend on the competitive levels in the banking sector and the risk the assets and liabilities carry in banks’ balance sheet. The traditional Lerner Index indicates competitive levels. However, this measure does not account for the risk, and this study introduces a risk-adjusted Lerner Index for evaluating competition in Indian banking for the period 1996 to 2016. The market power estimated through the adjusted Lerner Index has been declining since 1996, which indicates an improvement in competitive condition for the overall period. Further, as indicated by risk-adjusted Lerner Index, the Indian banking system exerts much less market power and hence are more competitive contrary to what is suggested by traditional Lerner index. © 2019 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Brand names have become verbs and entered in the consumer vocabulary, as doing words that are synonymous to consumer actions. Synonymity brands are observed to be prototypical and consumer-perceived brand leaders by planting a word not only in the consumer minds, but also in the lexicon. Corporate attorneys have ignored this fact by labeling such words as potential candidates to brand genericide and projected risk of trademark loss. The 3-part study aims to explore the concept, define brand synonymity, identify the dimensions, and measure the degree of synonymity—in the first part. The second study empirically tests the relationship between brand synonymity and leadership. The study three brings practical use to address the legal concerns by outlining a continuum to plot brands in safe and risk zones, thereby segregating the marketing play (in safe zone) and attorney’s role (in risk zone). The findings show synonymity brands scoring high in four vital brand dimensions and demonstrate positive relationship with brand leadership. The authors explore this new area of brand research that is not adequately covered by extant literature, to benefit marketing scholars, brand managers, and legal attorneys. © 2018, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

This study provides an overview of the scholastic literature on cause-related marketing (CRM) during the period 1988–2016. The purpose of this study was to first identify significant knowledge gaps and hence encourage researchers to close the gaps through future studies. Second, the objective was to provide the researchers insights about the constructs examined, theories applied and managerial dimensions addressed. A review of 202 full-length articles across peer-reviewed academic journals, published in the literature for 28 years, was undertaken to provide researchers with a reference guide. A structured approach, to accumulate relatively complete census of articles, was followed, and information was extracted from six major online e-journal databases. Every article was classified by year, journal, country, the methodology used, theories adopted and managerial dimensions addressed. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing was found to publish maximum CRM related articles. Experimental methodology was adopted by large number of research papers. Attribution theory was found to be the most popular theory for understanding the CRM phenomenon. Majority of the articles were found to address the dimension of planning. In contrast to past CRM literature reviews, this paper identified and recorded the theoretical foundations applied to understand consumer behavior towards CRM. Further, the present paper extends the scope of past CRM review studies by examining and discussing managerial dimensions addressed in CRM domain. Implications and agenda for future research are also discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis.

Problem definition: Stockists are the entity in the supply chain who deliver to the millions of small shops that account for over 90% of retail sales in India. The stockist purchases product from the manufacturer, develops retailer interest in carrying the product, solves the logistics problem of delivery to retailers, and manages retail credit and money collection. In return, the stockist is provided assistance by the manufacturer and paid an associated margin that is a percent of the product’s retail price. We observed relatively low distribution margins offered to the stockists in India that was a surprise given infrastructure and financing challenges. We noted that the low margins are enabled by the efficiency in product delivery and demand stimulation induced by the stockist. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of screening contracts offered by manufacturers to stockists. Methodology: We use a principal–agent model structure and model the routing cost, inventory cost, and demand impact of the stockist’s capability. We then use a substitutes or complements relationship between manufacturer assistance and stockist impact to understand the optimal contract structure—i.e., level of assistance and associated retail margin. We describe the economics associated with the stockist, provide data regarding the margins and assistance provided by the manufacturer, and use the model to understand their use in developing an effective supply chain. Results: Our model uses three parameters to show that a manufacture can adjust the level of spatial retailer intensity and thus the impact of the stockist in generating demand, the fraction of high-performing stockists associated with the manufacturer and the nature of the relationship between assistance provided and its impact on the stockist’s performance (i.e., complements or substitutes relationship), to attain superior performance. Academic/practical relevance: We parameterize data from Indian firms in the consumer goods industry to understand the observed assistance provided by the manufacturer to the stockist, and associated margins. We then use our model to understand actions taken by a manufacturer in the Indian market. Managerial implications: Our analysis provides a framework for manufacturers to design screening contracts for stockists who play a vital role in managing the fragmented retail markets in developing countries. © 2019 INFORMS

The ?-amino butyric acid type A receptors (GABAA-Rs) are GABA-gated chloride ion channels that mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmissions. Due to their essential role in normal brain function, neuromodulatory therapies are targeted at them for restoring GABA-mediated inhibition. The receptor modulation by benzodiazepine (BZD) shows therapeutically useful actions. The mechanisms, by which BZD-site performs selective transduction while modulating GABAA-Rs, and its correlation with the occurrence of sedation is not fully known. In pursuance, we performed a computational study starting from modeling of ?2-subtype GABAA-R, docking of ?1/2-selective ligands followed by molecular dynamics simulations of the obtained complexes. The results show that during early stages of activation, a) allosteric binding initiate structural changes through BZD-site for GABA-elicited activation; b) selective BZD-binders positively modulate orthosteric GABA-bound site with fin-like C- and F-loop movements, which supports twisting of inner and outer ?-barrel; c) modulation by ?1/2-selective ligands was only evident at site 1, mimicking mandatory doubly bound state; d) strength of allosteric communication was prominent for ?2-modulators, however, the basic nature of allosteric-orthosteric site cross-talk remains same for both ?1/2-modulators; and e) ratio of hydrophobic:hydrophilic ligand contact surface decides ?2-selectivity, less value of ratio favors it. These insights would enable us to design better ?2-selective modulator/s. Altogether our computational study reveals early stages of allosteric modulation, highlighting subtype selective activation and pathways recommending GABA binding sites during selective modulation. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Economic inequality determines collective goods provisioning as well as common pool resources outcomes. However, there is little theoretical or empirical understanding of how (if) inequality influences loss of commons. Using a comprehensive nationally representative dataset from India, we show why this relationship is ambiguous when local commons are governed under an incomplete decentralization regime where higher levels of government retain substantial residuary powers. We establish a non-monotonic relationship between economic inequality and local privatization of the commons within villages. However, economic inequality increases the likelihood of state-facilitated leasing of commons to private interests. We also delineate the role of social heterogeneity in alienation of commons. We use several empirical strategies to establish the robustness of our findings and mitigate possible endogeneity. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

The paper aims to assess whether a sensitivity variable, industry beta, has a significant impact on the firm's likelihood of default, as an independent predictor variable. The study uses logistic regression and multiple discriminant analysis for matched pair sample of defaulting and non-defaulting listed Indian firms. The industry beta is estimated by regressing the monthly stock return of each individual firm on the monthly return of the respective industry index. The sensitivity variable for industry factors, industry beta, is found to be statistically significant in predicting defaults. Higher sensitivity to industry factors leads to an increased probability of default. © 2019