Shared leadership among school principals and teachers has been touted as a means to enhance student achievement. Using grounded theory, we interviewed six principals and 20 urban elementary school teachers, in Pennsylvania, to examine their perceptions about federal and state mandates on shared leadership. Results indicate that although teachers desire to participate in shared leadership the pressures they encounter regarding state testing mandates, their expressed aversion to this accountability, and their lack of autonomy affected their capacity to participate in shared leadership. Principals viewed improving standardized test scores as best for students, but many teachers do not. Teachers believe they should make instructional decisions regarding students, but feel they cannot due to the mandates around standardized testing. Understanding the perceptions of principals and teachers regarding the impact of federal and state mandates on sharing the leadership role and the connection between accountability, shared leadership, and students’ best interest may assist policymakers and practitioners in the field to make decisions more attuned to the concerns of stakeholders, and thus are potentially more likely to succeed. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Purpose: This study aims to explore how career self-efficacy shapes an individual’s career decisions and how learning and development interventions, including participation in education abroad, might play a role in career choice. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used the following databases to review the literature on career self-efficacy: Academic Search Premier, Education Resources Information Center and ProQuest. The following key search terms were used in the search: career self-efficacy, career choice and education abroad. The titles of the identified articles were first reviewed for relevance, followed by the abstract, before further review for inclusion suitability. Findings: Findings suggest career self-efficacy plays a vital role in career decision-making, generating interests and deciding career goals. By improving career self-efficacy among college students, career interests can be reshaped. Findings evidence a relationship between education abroad and career competencies and career development. Research limitations/implications: The review offers an invaluable pathway to breed ideas and thoughts about research in the career self-efficacy domain. While education abroad itself may be a useful intervention in the development of a student’s career self-efficacy, among other characteristics and skills, a further empirical study is necessary to determine the extent to which this is true. Using or creating an accurate scale for the measurement of career self-efficacy among undergraduate students is critical to determine a reliable and valid measure, as is controlling for potential differences in self-efficacy between students who self-select for high impact endeavors such as education abroad and those who do not. Practical implications: Noting that practices in international education support collaboration between career services offices and study abroad offices, the authors point to the importance of interventions that intentionally and explicitly incorporate the career self-efficacy construct. Originality/value: Findings evidence a relationship between education abroad and career competencies and career development, through research examining connections to career self-efficacy and education abroad is noticeably scarce. The paper explores the above relationship. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.

The accelerated expansion of markets and intense competition have motivated firms to collaborate closely with vendor firms by outsourcing critical aspects of the business, including Information Technology services. We analyze the interaction between a service provider and a client in which they collaborate to deliver services. We assume that revenue generated from the service depends on their efforts. The client determines retail price and marketing efforts while the service provider decides on quality improvement efforts in the services. We analyze the impact of revenue share proportion on the effort exerted by both firms and the impact of the capability of the service provider on the retail pricing of the service. We develop an analytical framework to characterize the actions of the service provider and the client. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the dividend payout behavior of Indian firms and test whether the three prominent dividend policy theories (signaling, life-cycle and catering) explain the dividend policy of Indian firms. Design/methodology/approach: The authors test the three theories using the methodology based on the studies of Nissim and Ziv (2001), DeAngelo et al. (2006) and Baker and Wurgler (2004). For testing the signaling theory, the authors regress the change in earnings on the rate of change in dividends using the pooled and Fama–Macbeth regressions. The life cycle theory is tested by running a logistic regression of the dividend payment decision on two proxies of life-cycle measured by the ratio of earned to total equity. Finally, the catering theory tests the relationship between the decision to pay a dividend and the dividend premium. Findings: The results based on a sample of Indian firms from 1992 to 2017 show that the dividend policy of Indian firms can be explained using the life-cycle theory. However, there is no evidence in support of the signaling and catering theories. Originality/value: It provides insights into the dividend policy of Indian firms. Though there have been a few studies examining the dividend payout in India, none of the existing studies tests these theories of dividend payout. The existing research using the Indian data provides indirect evidence about the life-cycle theory. This study is the first one to test the application of these theories for Indian firms. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.

In this paper, we call for a re-examination of the self-reliance ideology based on a neoliberal perspective to make policies for refugee women's (self-)employment and integration. We use a social constructionist perspective to conduct a narrative analysis of data from the lived experience of twelve women refugee entrepreneurs. Three prominent themes emerge from the women’s own narratives of their entrepreneurial journey – self-reconstruction, social capital, and resilience. Our findings reveal the complexities of self-reconstruction and socialization as experienced by refugee women entrepreneurs – for whom “push” factors take precedence over “pull” factors with the explicit understanding that the onus is on them to survive with their own resilience. We argue that offering people hope of a new life means offering them meaningful choices, built on forms of economic activity whose sustainability over the long term is evidenced by the positive supports available to make sure economic activity succeeds. © 2020 The Authors. International Migration © 2020 IOM

Purpose of the study is to analyse the retrograde effect of mercury on Indian stock indices, i.e., Nifty50 and BSE Sensex. This paper presents and probes, whether the usually described phenomenon of the retrogratory effect of planets in Indian astrology persists in Indian stock indices. This research utilizes secondary data retrieved from Bloomberg from 1998 through 2018 of Nifty50 and BSE Sensex on a daily closing basis. Further, the study employs EGARCH (1,1) models to inspect the leverage effect in the market returns and the impact of the retrogratory movement of mercury on market returns. The interdisciplinary studies relating to Indian astrological concepts and financial trading strategy are very scant, wherefore, this study helps to unearth an anomaly-based trading strategy for the individual and institutional investors in the capital market. The study culminates that Indian stock indices observe the presence of asymmetry or the leverage effect during the retrogratory movement of Mercury, and a positive impact of Mercury retrograde movement on market returns. The scope of the study is limited to major stock indices of India and considers only the retrogratory movement of mercury to trace the evidence of behavioral bias in the financial market. This paper furnishes a unique empirical approach to investigate the influence of cultural variable on behavioral bias in Indian stock indices under the influence of the retrograde movement of mercury inciting asymmetric information and market anomaly. © 2020, Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature.

Purpose: Faced with dynamic and challenging environments, organizations today expect all their leaders, including their women leaders, to be highly intrapreneurial. However, intrapreneurship is traditionally perceived to be a masculine activity. In order to appear intrapreneurial, women leaders consciously behave like men and suppress their feminine characteristics. This results in “emotional labor” that causes undue stress, emotional exhaustion, and burnout. Organizations can help intrapreneurial women leaders succeed by a combination of gender-related sensitization, focused training, setting up sharing and communication platforms, encouraging self-support groups and providing formal and informal mentorship to their women employees. Design/methodology/approach: We carried out qualitative research which involved 31 in depth semi-structured in-person interviews (including 11 repeat interviews) with 20 women leaders from seven large organizations from the Indian IT industry. The interviewees had 15 years of average work experience, were in the 35-50 years age group, and held senior management functional or project management responsibilities. The interviews were typically 60 minutes each. The researcher took detailed notes, and subsequently, manually carried out multiple levels and multiple rounds of coding (initially open-coding followed by focused coding) to identify and abstract the themes and categories. Findings: Our study identified that women leaders who are expected to behave as intrapreneurs, face “emotional labor” which results in stress, emotional exhaustion and burnout. To help women leaders succeed, a well-defined set of organizational interventions including gender sensitization, training, sharing & communication platforms, self-support groups, and formal and informal mentoring are useful. Research limitations/implications: To increase the generalizability of our study beyond the Indian cultural context and beyond the IT industry, future researchers may carry out both qualitative and larger sample quantitative studies in other countries, and draw upon data from multiple industries. The issues arising out of emotional labor of women intrapreneurial leaders are likely to be present in a wide range of industries and cultural contexts. However, there may be nuanced contextual differences that need further exploration. Future research can build on our findings and explore moderators, contingencies, and boundary conditions that affect the suitability of organizational interventions that we have suggested. Practical implications: Emotional well-being of women intrapreneurial leaders would help them take innovative organizational initiatives, and make the organization strategically agile. To help women leaders be intrapreneurial, organizations need many interventions and need to provide the required supporting infrastructure. Social implications: Ways to resolve gender-related issues in workplaces are suggested. Originality/value: Our study is valuable as it simultaneously considers two strategic organizational objectives of intrapreneurship and gender diversity of leadership teams. The paper provides useful prescriptions for organizations to help women intrapreneurial leaders succeed. This will help organizations that are facing dynamic external environments become innovative and strategically agile. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.

This paper explores the strategic success factors of fast-growth women entrepreneurs, explicating how their gendered strategies influence their growth paths. Drawing on social feminist theory, our qualitative study posits that a conscious choice of female perspective can be the central principle behind women’s entrepreneurial behavior and positively associated with growth. Our findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how women entrepreneurs weave together (economic) growth with personal and social outcomes, while shaping their key strategic success factors–client relationship and branding, organizational values and culture, networking behavior, and leadership and management–with female attributes and values attained through socialization. © 2019, © 2019 International Council for Small Business.

Typical microcredit contracts involve inflexibilities characterised by frequent periodic repayments without the option to restructure the same depending on emerging contingencies. Such inflexibilities increase financial stress and severely curtail autonomy, resulting in detrimental economic and psychological consequences for the poor. This paper explores such causal linkages in depth primarily from the perspective of consumer psychology. Alternative loan structures that can simultaneously alleviate the ill effects of these inflexibilities in microcredit contracts, and simultaneously motivate the poor in investing the borrowed capital in more worthwhile enterprises, are subsequently suggested. Finally, potential theoretical, managerial and policy implications are discussed. © 2020

Purpose: The paper reports the practices and interventions adopted at a successful business transformation in an Indian family run organization. The firm deployed internal HR marketing and large-scale interface to deliver results in terms of improved financial performance. Design/methodology/approach: Single case study method and grounded theory approach was used to conceptualise the practices deployed to implement desired change. Multiple interviews and on-site observations were conducted and validated through different primary and secondary data sources to build the case narrative. Findings: The results demonstrate how repositioning and rebranding of HR as strategic partner helped in building promoter and line manager buy in of HRM initiatives, build capabilities, controlled employee attrition, increased engagement and productivity, and eventually resulted in improved the financial performance of the company. Research limitations/implications: The article is based on single organization in India. Hence, generalizability of the study is limited. The description and analysis provide insights about internal HR marketing and navigating the professionalising journey of traditional firms. Practical implications: Scholars and practitioners working in the domain of internal HR marketing, employer/HR branding will develop a nuanced understanding of using internal HR marketing as a strategic tool for business realignment. The study also makes readers aware about the dilemmas faced by decision-makers during such transitions. Originality/value: The study illustrates how internal HR marketing can be successfully deployed in family business environments and adds to both “family business management” “Internal HR Marketing” and “Employer/HR branding” literature. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Research Question: The study proposes that a sponsor’s social networking site (SNS) message has two components, articulation and interactivity, which are positively associated with a user’s sentiment (POS) and e-word-of-mouth (e-WOM). The relations are, further, moderated by the sponsor-event functional fit. Research Method: The data were collected from Twitter and the proposed relations analysed using seemingly unrelated regression. The sample size was 131 sponsors for tennis grand slam events across the years 2016–17. Findings: Significant effects of articulation on POS/e-WOM and of interactivity on e-WOM were found. The sponsor-event functional fit moderated the effect of event-focused articulation on POS/e-WOM and of interactivity on e-WOM. Implications: Besides conceptualizing a sponsor’s two SNS message components, this study examines their effect on the consumers’ online response. The importance of SNS message articulation and interactivity, contingent to a sponsor’s functional fit with the event, for creating maximum impact is discussed. © 2020, © 2020 European Association for Sport Management.

Purpose: This paper aims to gauge the quality of risk disclosure in 3,872 annual reports of Indian corporates, using a risk disclosure index (RDI) developed to capture both quality and quantity of risk disclosures. Design/methodology/approach: Focussing on 69 risk items, the paper uses manual textual analysis and scores risk items using an ordinal scale, as opposed to the general practice of using a dichotomous scale. Findings: The average risk index is low, but greater in the post-recession period than in the pre-recession period. Most disclosures are qualitative, both backward and forward-looking, and exhibit a negative tone. In addition, company age and industry sector have a significant impact on disclosure levels. Research limitations/implications: The choice and weighting of semantic qualities used to construct RDIs used in disclosure studies are inherently subjective. This exploratory study uses univariate analysis and does not explore the reasons for poor disclosure. Practical implications: In addition to its usefulness for investors and companies’ management, the findings of non-compliance with certain mandatory provisions and a low average RDI is particularly relevant for policymakers and regulatory bodies. Originality/value: Development of a summary measure/RDI that is novel in its differential weighting of the semantic qualities pertaining to quantification, time-orientation and tone. Further, it serves as an exploratory study about risk disclosure practices in the Indian context that reveals notable differences from findings of previous risk disclosure research. Moreover, the study examines the relationship between firms’ age and risk disclosure levels, a largely ignored aspect in disclosure research. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse service quality in the automobile maintenance and repair industry. A conceptual structural model is developed to investigate the impact of service quality, perceived service fairness and convenience on customer service satisfaction. The impact of service satisfaction and brand trust on word of mouth (WOM) is also explored, and the study assesses the mediating effect of customer service satisfaction on the relationship between service quality and WOM. Design/methodology/approach: Data from a questionnaire-based survey of 259 users of automobile maintenance and repair centres were analysed using covariance-based structural equation modelling. Findings: The findings indicate that service quality dimensions (reliability, responsiveness and empathy), perceived service fairness and convenience are positively associated with customer service satisfaction, and that service satisfaction and trust positively influence WOM. The findings support the mediating effect of service satisfaction on the relationship between reliability and responsiveness and WOM. Research limitations/implications: The study’s main limitation is the cross-sectional design, which limits the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications: To ensure customer satisfaction and generate trust and WOM, automobile maintenance and repair service centres should improve reliability, responsiveness and empathy, as well as perceived service fairness and convenience. Originality/value: The study demonstrates that the reliability and responsiveness dimensions of service quality are the most significant predictors of customer service satisfaction in the automobile maintenance and repair industry. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Purpose: This paper aims to explore member readiness for change in manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach: The authors interviewed 14 upper management professionals in Northeast US state companies. Inductive analysis and creative synthesis were used for identifying important patterns, themes and relationships pertaining to external and internal factors influencing employee attitudes related to change processes. Findings: The findings suggest relationship between process change and member readiness for change. Leadership and communication channels play a significant role in determining how members adapt and respond to organizational process changes. Companies can achieve desirable outcomes when members trust organizational leadership and perceive management as fair and transparent. Originality/value: Currently, there is little known about the relationship between process change and member readiness for change in manufacturing industry. The study advances the theoretical literature and provides practical information for manufacturing professionals. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

The policies related to whistle-blowing among the BSE 30 companies in India are analysed. In the facilitative aspect, 80% of the firms explicitly mention the reporting authority. Similarly, 80% of the firms have elaborated on how the reporting should happen, whereas only 10% of the firms allow complaints to be registered over phone. The findings indicate an urgent need to develop and enforce corporate policies to protect the whistle-blowers. © 2019 Economic and Political Weekly. All rights reserved.

The recent launch of 4G in India initiated disruption in telecom sector with price wars. Knowing the consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) is vital step toward the survival in such a turbulent situation. We present Van Westendorp price sensitivity model to assess the range of acceptable price as well as the optimal prices for 2 GB and 5 GB data packs to understand the consumer’s WTP for 4G data services. The price sensitivity meter identifies the acceptable range and optimal price points. The estimates obtained are similar to the current prices of the data packs in the same telecom circle which validates suitability of the price sensitivity model. © 2018, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

In this paper, we study a problem where a buyer and a supplier collaborate to improve safety at the supplier's facility. We analyze and compare three policies; for the first policy, the buyer and the supplier jointly collaborate to improve safety at the supplier's manufacturing facility (this policy is known as Accord in the industry). For the second policy, the buyer supports the supplier by providing external funding (this policy is named Alliance). The third policy is the Base policy, which is used as a benchmark. Under Base policy, the buyer does not provide any support to the supplier on the safety front. Using analytical frameworks, we determine and characterize optimal policies from buyer's, supplier's and system safety perspectives. We find that a low capability supplier prefers Accord when the buyer's capability is high and Alliance, otherwise. However, from safety perspective, for low capability supplier, Alliance should never be preferred. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Small informally organized family-owned grocery retailers—kiranas—are ubiquitous in India and have retained market dominance while facing increasing competition from large formally organized retailers (FORs). Yet, strategy literature has under-explored such informal businesses. We explore kiranas’ distinct strategic practices that give them competitive advantage over FORs, generating kiranas’ sustained market dominance. To explore kiranas’ informal strategizing, grounded theoretic analysis of our multi-year case study suggested the employment of strategy as practice (SAP) framework, enriched with the social exchange theory (SET) concepts of trust and reciprocity. We find that the kiranas’ sustained enactment of strategic practice such as free-of-charge home-delivery significantly depends on contextually rich, reciprocity-based social exchange relationships with customers which evolve through praxes involving continuous exchange of trust. The practice enactment and exchange relationships constitute strategy-practitioner’s emerging dual-identity, which in turn reinforces the practices, generating a self-reinforcing cycle of practice enhancement. Within this cyclic relationship, an inimitable enactment of a strategic practice can be a key source of competitive advantage for informally organized small retail retailers over large FORs. By linking two unconnected prominent approaches to understanding patterns of workplace interactions, namely SAP and SET, the study opens theoretical avenues for exploring strategizing of informal businesses. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

[No abstract available]

Trust between partners, a key element enabling coordination across supply chains, has recently started gaining attention in humanitarian operations literature. Yet, empirical examination of this concept is scant. Borrowing from extant literature on trust within organisational behaviour stream, this paper aims to empirically verify trust formation types: companion, competence and commitment, in a disaster relief supply chain using primary and secondary data from an Indian Humanitarian relief organisation (HRO). Further, we identify variations in trust formation during disaster relief activities and developmental programmes, and between upstream and downstream partners of a humanitarian relief organisation. Based on the results of our content analysis, we contend that while companion based trust is significantly more prevalent during developmental programmes, competence based trust is important during both disaster periods and otherwise. We also find that there are significant differences in the trust formation between upstream and downstream partners and the HRO. This study has significant theoretical and practical implications on identifying the role of trust in humanitarian operations. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.